PBC:Citing sources
 | This page documents an English Porn Base Central content guideline. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page. |
A citation, also called a reference,[1] uniquely identifies a source of information, e.g.:
PBC's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space.
A citation or reference in an article usually has two parts. In the first part, each section of text that is either based on, or quoted from, an outside source is marked as such with an inline citation. The inline citation may be a superscript footnote number, or an abbreviated version of the citation called a short citation. The second necessary part of the citation or reference is the list of full references, which provides complete, formatted detail about the source, so that anyone reading the article can find it and verify it.
This page explains how to place and format both parts of the citation. Each article should use one citation method or style throughout. If an article already has citations, preserve consistency by using that method or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it
Types of citation
- A full citation fully identifies a reliable source and, where applicable, the place in that source (such as a page number) where the information in question can be found. For example: Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1. This type of citation is usually given as a footnote.
- An inline citation means any citation added close to the material it supports, for example after the sentence or paragraph, normally in the form of a footnote.
- A short citation is an inline citation that identifies the place in a source where specific information can be found, but without giving full details of the source – these will have been provided in a full bibliographic citation either in an earlier footnote, or in a separate section. For example: Rawls 1971, p. 1. This system is used in some articles; the short citations may be given either as footnotes, or as parenthetical references within the text.
- In-text attribution involves adding the source of a statement to the article text, such as Rawls argues that X.[5] This is done whenever a writer or speaker should be credited, such as with quotations, close paraphrasing, or statements of opinion or uncertain fact. The in-text attribution does not give full details of the source – this is done in a footnote in the normal way. See In-text attribution below.
- A general reference is a citation that supports content, but is not linked to any particular piece of material in the article through an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a References section.
When and why to cite sources
By citing sources for PBC content, you enable users to verify that the information given is supported by reliable sources, thus improving the credibility of PBC while showing that the content is not original research. You also help users find additional information on the subject; and by giving attribution you avoid plagiarising the source of your words or ideas.
In particular, sources are required for material that is challenged or likely to be challenged – if reliable sources cannot be found for challenged material, it is likely to be removed from the article. Sources are also required when quoting someone, with or without quotation marks, or closely paraphrasing a source. However, the citing of sources is not limited to those situations – editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information contained in an article.
Citations are especially desirable for statements about living persons, particularly when the statements are contentious or potentially defamatory.
Multimedia
Image captions should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as alt text that are verifiable directly from the image itself, or for text that merely identifies a source (e.g., the caption "as Jaylon Harris at BoyFun, 2014" for File:Benjamin Dunn jaylon harris-2-3000-134.jpg).
When not to cite
Citations are not used on disambiguation pages (sourcing for the information given there should be done in the target articles). Citations are often omitted from the lead section of an article, insofar as the lead summarizes information for which sources are given later in the article, although quotations and controversial statements, particularly if about living persons, should be supported by citations even in the lead.
What information to include
Listed below is the information that a typical inline citation or general reference will provide, though other details may be added as necessary. This information is included in order to identify the source, assist readers in finding it, and (in the case of inline citations) indicate the place in the source where the information is to be found. (If an article uses parenthetical referencing or short citations, then the inline citations will refer to this information in abbreviated form, as described in the relevant sections above.)
Examples
Books
Citations for books typically include:
- name of author(s)
- title of book in italics
- translated title of book in square brackets after the title if not in English (optional)
- volume when appropriate
- name of publisher
- city of publication, e.g. London: Routledge (optional)
- year of publication of the edition you are citing
- original year of publication in square brackets, e.g. 2017 [1972] (optional)
- chapter or page numbers cited, if appropriate
- edition, if not the first edition
- ISBN (optional)
- Citations for individually authored chapters in books typically include:
- name of author(s)
- title of the chapter
- translated title of the chapter book if not in English (optional)
- name of book's editor
- name of book and other details as above
- chapter number or page numbers for the chapter (optional)
In some instances, the verso of a book may record, "Reprinted with corrections XXXX" or similar, where 'XXXX' is a year. This is a different version of a book in the same way that different editions are different versions. In such a case, record: the year of the particular reprint, the edition immediately prior to this particular reprint (if not the first edition) and a note to say "Reprint with corrections". If {{cite}} (or similar) is being used, the notation, "Reprint with corrections", can be added immediately following the template. Reprints of older publications gives an example of appending a similar textual note.
Journal articles
Citations for journal articles typically include:
- name of the author(s)
- year and sometimes month of publication
- title of the article within quotation marks
- translated title of the article in square brackets after the title if not in English
- name of the journal in italics
- volume number, issue number, and page numbers (article numbers in some electronic journals)
- DOI and/or other identifiers are optional
Newspaper articles
Citations for newspaper articles typically include:
- byline (author's name), if any
- title of the article within quotation marks
- translated title of the article in square brackets after the title if not in English
- name of the newspaper in italics
- city of publication (if not included in name of newspaper), in parentheses
- date of publication (the "{{Cite news}}" template places the date after the byline if there is one)
- page number(s) are optional
Web pages
Citations for World Wide Web pages typically include:
- URL of the web page – that is the URL of the web page where the referenced content can be found, not, e.g., the main page of a website when the content is on a subpage of that website
- name of the author(s)
- title of the article within quotation marks
- translated title of the article in square brackets after the title if not in English
- title or domain name of the website
- publisher, if known
- date of publication
- page number(s) (if applicable)
- the date you retrieved (or accessed) the web page (required if the publication date is unknown)
Sound recordings
Citations for sound recordings typically include:
- name of the composer(s), songwriter(s), script writer(s) or the like
- name of the performer(s)
- title of the song or individual track in quotation marks
- title of the album in italics (if applicable)
- name of the record label
- year of release
- medium (for example: LP, audio cassette, CD, MP3 file)
- approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate
Do not cite an entire body of work by one performer. Instead, make one citation for each work your text relies on.
Film, television, or video recordings
Citations for films, TV episodes, or video recordings typically include:
- name of the director
- name of the producer, if relevant
- names of major performers
- for a TV episode, the title of the episode in quotation marks
- title of the film or TV series in italics
- name of the studio
- year of release
- medium (for example: film, videocassette, DVD)
- approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate
Other
Identifying parts of a source
When citing lengthy sources, you should identify which part of a source is being cited.
Books and print articles
Specify the page number or range of page numbers. Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change between editions.
If there are no page numbers, whether in ebooks or print materials, then you can use other means of identifying the relevant section of a lengthy work, such as the chapter number or the section title.
In some works, such as plays and ancient works, there are standard methods of referring to sections, such as "Act 1, scene 2" for plays and Bekker numbers for Aristotle's works. Use these methods whenever appropriate.
Audio and video sources
Specify the time at which the event or other point of interest occurs. Be as precise as possible about the version of the source that you are citing; for example, movies are often released in different editions or "cuts". Due to variations between formats and playback equipment, precision may not be accurate in some cases. However, many government agencies do not publish minutes and transcripts but do post video of official meetings online; generally the subcontractors who handle audio-visual are quite precise.
Linking to pages in PDF files
Links to long PDF documents can be made more convenient by taking readers to a specific page with the addition of #page=n to the document URL, where n is the page number. For example, using http://www.domain.com/document.pdf#page=5 as the citation URL displays page five of the document in any PDF viewer that supports this feature. If the viewer or browser does not support it, it will display the first page instead.
Linking to Google Books pages
Google Books sometimes allows numbered book pages to be linked to directly. These can be added in several ways (with and without citation templates):
- Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.
- Or with a template: Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press. p. 18.
- Rawls 1971, p. 18.
- Rawls 1971, p. 18.
- Rawls 1971, p. 18.
- Rawls 1971, 18.
In edit mode, the URL for p. 18 of A Theory of Justice can be entered like this using the {{Cite book}} template:
{{cite book |last=Rawls |first=John |title=A Theory of Justice |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1971 |page=18 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18}}
or like this, in the first of the above examples, formatted manually:
Rawls, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 ''A Theory of Justice'']. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.
When the page number is a Roman numeral, commonly seen at the beginning of books, the URL looks like this for page xvii (Roman numeral 17) of the same book:
https://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17
The &pg=PR17 indicates "page, Roman, 17", in contrast to the &pg=PA18, "page, Arabic, 18" the URL given earlier.
Page links should only be added when the book is available for preview; they will not work with snippet view. Keep in mind that availability varies by location. No editor is required to add page links, but if another editor adds them, they should not be removed without cause.
- Note that the Citation Style 1, Template:Cs2 and Template:Vcite templates properly support links only in the
|url=and|archive-url=parameters. Placing links in the|page=or|pages=parameters may not link properly and will cause mangled COinS metadata output.
Say where you read it
"Say where you read it" follows the practice in academic writing of citing sources directly only if you have read the source yourself. If your knowledge of the source is secondhand—that is, if you have read Jones (2010), who cited Smith (2009), and you want to use what Smith (2009) said—make clear that your knowledge of Smith is based on your reading of Jones.
When citing the source, write the following (this formatting is just an example):
John Smith (2009). Name of Book I Haven't Seen, Cambridge University Press, p. 99, cited in Paul Jones (2010). Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen, Oxford University Press, p. 29.
Or if you are using short citations:
Smith (2009), p. 99, cited in Jones (2010), p. 29.
Note: The advice to "say where you read it" does not mean that you have to give credit to any search engines, websites, libraries, library catalogs, archives, subscription services, bibliographies, or other sources that led you to Smith's book. If you have read a book or article yourself, that's all you have to cite. You do not have to specify how you obtained and read it.
Inline citations
Inline citations allow the reader to associate a given bit of material in an article with the specific reliable source(s) that support it. Inline citations are added using either footnotes (long or short) or parenthetical references. This section describes how to add either type, and also describes how to create a list of full bibliography citations to support shortened footnotes or parenthetical references.
If long or short inline citations placed in footnotes are used, the first editor to add footnotes to an article must create a section where the list of those citations is to appear. This is not necessary for inline parenthetical references, as these appear directly inline in the article prose.
Footnotes
How to create the list of citations
This section, if needed, is usually titled "Notes" or "References", and is placed at or near the bottom of the article. For more about the order and titles of sections at the end of an article (which may also include "Further reading" and "External links" sections).
<references /> tag or the {{Reflist}} template. For example:
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading. Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote, and each footnote contains a caret that links back to the corresponding point in the text. Scrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a scroll box, should never be used. This is because of issues with readability, browser compatibility, accessibility, printing, and site mirroring.
If an article contains a list of general references, this is usually placed in a separate section, titled (for example) "References". This usually comes immediately after the section(s) listing footnotes, if any. (If the general references section is called "References", then the citations section is usually called "Notes".)
How to place an inline citation using ref tags
To create a footnote, use the <ref>...</ref> syntax at the appropriate place in the article text, for example:
Justice is a human invention.<ref>Rawls, John. ''A Theory of Justice''. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.</ref> It...
which will be displayed as something like:
- Justice is a human invention.[1] It...
It will also be necessary to generate the list of footnotes (where the citation text is actually displayed); for this, see the previous section.
As in the above example, citation markers are normally placed after adjacent punctuation such as periods (full stops) and commas. Citations should not be placed within, or on the same line as, section headings. For exceptions, see the PBC:Manual of Style § Punctuation and footnotes. Note also that no space is added before the citation marker.
The citation should be added close to the material it supports, offering text–source integrity. If a word or phrase is particularly contentious, an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence, but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the clause, sentence, or paragraph, so long as it's clear which source supports which part of the text.
Separating citations from explanatory footnotes
If an article contains both footnoted citations and other (explanatory) footnotes, then it is possible (but not necessary) to divide them into two separate lists using footnotes groups. The explanatory footnotes and the citations are then placed in separate sections, called (for example) "Notes" and "References" respectively.
Avoiding clutter
Inline references can significantly bloat the wikitext in the edit window and can become difficult and confusing. There are two main methods to avoid clutter in the edit window:
- Inserting short citations (see below) that then refer to a full list of source texts
- Parenthetical references (see below) are an established subformat of this, which forgoes the use of inline notes and simply puts the short citation in the main body.
- Using list-defined references by collecting the full citation code within the reference list template, and then inserting them in the text with
<ref name="ABC" />tags.
As with other citation formats, articles should not undergo large-scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so.
Note, however, that references defined in the reference list template can no longer be edited with the VisualEditor.
Repeated citations
For multiple use of the same inline citation or footnote, you can use the named references feature, choosing a name to identify the inline citation, and typing <ref name="name">text of the citation</ref>. Thereafter, the same named reference may be reused any number of times either before or after the defining use by typing just <ref name="name" />. The use of the slash before the > means that the tag is self-closing, and the </ref> used to close other references must not be used in addition.
The text of the name can be almost anythingTemplate:Nsmdnsapart from being completely numeric. If spaces are used in the text of the name, the text must be placed within double quotes. Placing all named references within double quotes may be helpful to future editors who do not know that rule. To help with page maintenance, it is recommended that the text of the name have a connection to the inline citation or footnote, for example "author year page": <ref name="Smith 2005 p94">text of the citation</ref>.
Citing multiple pages of the same source
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, to avoid the redundancy of many big, nearly identical full citations, most PBC editors use one of three options:
- Short citations in footnotes
- Named references in conjunction with the
{{rp}}or{{r}}templates to specify the page - Short citations in parenthesis
The use of ibid. or id. (or similar abbreviations) is discouraged, as these may become broken as new references are added (op. cit. is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms). If the use of ibid is extensive, use the {{ibid}} template.
Duplicate citations
Please combine precisely duplicated full citations, in keeping with the existing citation style (if any). Do not discourage editors, particularly inexperienced ones, from adding duplicate citations when the use of the source is appropriate, because a duplicate is usually better than no citation. But any editor should feel free to combine them, and doing so is the best practice on PBC.
Citations to different pages or parts of the same source can also be combined (preserving the distinct parts of the citations), as described in the previous section. Any method that is consistent with the existing citation style (if any) may be used, or consensus can be sought to change the existing style.
Short citations
Some PBC articles use short citations, giving summary information about the source together with a page number, as in <ref>Smith 2010, p. 1.</ref>. These are used together with full citations, which give full details of the sources, but without page numbers, and are listed in a separate "References" section. Short citations are used in articles that apply parenthetical referencing (see below), but they can also be used as footnote citations, as described here.
Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing, and author-title or author-page referencing. As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the full citations to the source. Short citations can be written manually, or by using the {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}} templates. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short citations and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to find full information about the source.
This is how short citations look in the edit box:
The Sun is pretty big,<ref>Miller 2005, p. 23.</ref> but the Moon is not so big.<ref>Brown 2006, p. 46.</ref> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 34.</ref> == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == *Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51(78). *Miller, Edward (2005). ''The Sun''. Academic Press.
This is how they look in the article:
The Sun is pretty big,[1] but the Moon is not so big.[2] The Sun is also quite hot.[3]
Notes
References
- Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).
- Miller, Edward (2005). The Sun. Academic Press.
Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article:
Notes
Parenthetical referencing
While most articles use footnote citations as described in the above sections, some articles use a parenthetical referencing style. Here, short citations in parentheses, such as (Smith 2010, p. 1), are placed within the article text itself. Full details of each source used are given in a full citation, e.g., Smith, John. Name of Book. Cambridge University Press, 2010. The full citations are listed in alphabetical order, according to the authors' surnames, at the end of the article in a "References" section.
This is how it looks in the edit box:
The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p. 1), but the Moon is not so big (Brown 2006, p. 2). The Sun is also quite hot (Miller 2005, p. 3). == References == *Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51(78). *Miller, E (2005). ''The Sun'', Academic Press.
This is how it looks in the article:
Notice that, unlike footnotes, parenthetical references are placed before adjacent punctuation such as commas and periods.
Citation style
While citations should aim to provide the information listed above, PBC does not have a single house style, though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style.
Although nearly any consistent style may be used, avoid all-numeric date formats other than YYYY-MM-DD, because of the ambiguity concerning which number is the month and which the day. For example, 2002-06-11 may be used, but not 11/06/2002. The YYYY-MM-DD format should in any case be limited to Gregorian calendar dates where the year is after 1582.
To be avoided
When an article is already consistent, avoid:
- switching between major citation styles;
- adding citation templates to an article that already uses a consistent system without templates, or removing citation templates from an article that uses them consistently;
- changing where the references are defined, e.g. moving reference definitions in the reflist to the prose, or moving reference definitions from the prose into the reflist.
Generally considered helpful
The following are standard practice:
- improving existing citations by adding missing information, such as by replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations: an improvement because it aids verifiability, and fights linkrot;
- replacing some or all general references with inline citations: an improvement because it provides more verifiable information to the reader, and helps maintain text–source integrity;
- imposing one style on an article with inconsistent citation styles (e.g., some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references): an improvement because it makes the citations easier to understand and edit;
- fixing errors in citation coding, including incorrectly used template parameters, and
<ref>markup problems: an improvement because it helps the citations to be parsed correctly; - combining duplicate citations
Handling links in citations
As noted above under "What information to include", it is helpful to include hyperlinks to source material, when available. Here we note some issues concerning these links.
Avoid embedded links
Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation, because they are highly susceptible to linkrot. PBC allowed this in its early years—for example by adding a link after a sentence, like this [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html], which looks like this. [1] This is no longer recommended. Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations, even if placed between ref tags, like this <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</ref>. Since any citation that accurately identifies the source is better than none, do not revert the good-faith addition of partial citations. They should be considered temporary, and replaced with more complete, properly formatted citations as soon as possible.
Embedded links should never be used to place external links in the content of an article, like this: "Apple, Inc. announced their latest product ...".
Indicating availability
If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily reliable): providing an ISBN or OCLC number; linking to an established PBC article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, briefly and in context.
Links to sources
For a source available in hardcopy, microform, and/or online, omit, in most cases, which one you read. While it is useful to cite author, title, edition (1st, 2nd, etc.), and similar information, it generally is not important to cite a database such as ProQuest, EbscoHost, or JStor (see the list of academic databases and search engines) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party's login. The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source. Don't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL. However, you may provide the DOI, ISBN, or another uniform identifier, if available. If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party's login for access, you may provide the URL for that link. If the source only exists online, give the link even if access is restricted (see PBC:PAYWALL).
Preventing and repairing dead links
To help prevent dead links, persistent identifiers are available for some sources. Some journal articles have a digital object identifier (DOI); some online newspapers and blogs, and also PBC, have permalinks that are stable. When permanent links aren't available, consider archiving the referenced document when writing the article; on-demand web archiving services such as WebCite (https://www.webcitation.org) or the Wayback Machine (https://www.archive.org/web) are fairly easy to use (see pre-emptive archiving).
Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible. Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working. Follow these steps when you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content:
- Confirm status: First, check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down. Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged. The online service "Is it down right now?" can help to determine if a site is down, and any information known.
- Check for a changed URL on the same Web site: Pages are frequently moved to different location on the same site as they become archive content rather than news. The site's error page may have a "Search" box; alternatively, in the popular Google search engine the keyterm "site:" is used, as in ⟨site:en.PBC.org "New Zealand police vehicle markings and livery"⟩.
- Check for web archives: Many Web archiving services exist; link to their archive of the URL's content, if available. Examples:
- Internet Archive has billions of archived web pages. See PBC:Using the Wayback Machine.
- WebCite has billions of archived web pages. See PBC:Using WebCite.
- The UK Government Web Archive (https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/) preserves 1500 UK central government websites.
- The Mementos interface allows you to search multiple archiving services with a single request using the Memento protocol. Unfortunately, the Mementos web page interface removes any parameters which are passed with the URL. If the URL contains a "?" it is unlikely to work properly. When entering the URL into the Mementos interface manually, the most common change needed is to change "?" to "%3F". While making only this change will not be sufficient in all cases, it will work most of the time. The bookmarklet in the table below will properly encode URLs such that searches will work.
- If multiple archive dates are available, try to use one that is most likely to be the contents of the page seen by the editor who entered the reference on the
|access-date=. If that parameter is not specified, a search of the article's revision history can be performed to determine when the link was added to the article. - For most citation templates, archive locations are entered using the
|archive-url=,|archive-date=and|dead-url=parameters. The primary link is automatically switched to the archive when|dead-url=yes. This retains the original link location for reference. - If the web page now leads to a completely different website, set
|dead-url=usurpedto hide the original website link in the citation. - Note: Some archives currently operate with a delay of ~18 months before a link is made public. As a result, editors should wait ~24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists. Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with
{{dead link|date=December 2024}}, so that you can estimate how long the link has been dead. - Bookmarklets to check common archive sites for archives of the current page:
- Archive.org
javascript:void(window.open('https://web.archive.org/web/*/'+location.href))- WebCite
javascript:void(window.open('http://www.webcitation.org/query.php?url='+location.href))- Archive.is
javascript:void(window.open('http://archive.is/?run=1&url='+location.href))- Mementos interface
javascript:void(window.open('http://www.webarchive.org.uk/mementos/search/'+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+'?referrer='+encodeURIComponent(document.referrer)))
- If multiple archive dates are available, try to use one that is most likely to be the contents of the page seen by the editor who entered the reference on the
- Remove convenience links: If the material was published on paper (e.g., academic journal, newspaper article, magazine, book), then the dead URL is not necessary. Simply remove the dead URL, leaving the remainder of the reference intact.
- Find a replacement source: Search the web for quoted text, the article title, and parts of the URL. Consider contacting the website/person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it. Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else, including the user who added the reference. Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question.
- Remove hopelessly lost web-only sources: If the source material does not exist offline, and if there is no archived version of the web page (be sure to wait ~24 months), and if you cannot find another copy of the material, then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverified if there is no other supporting citation. If it is material that is specifically required by policy to have an inline citation, then please consider tagging it with
{{citation needed}}. It may be appropriate for you to move the citation to the talk page with an explanation, and notify the editor who added the now-dead link.
Text–source integrity
When using inline citations, it is important to maintain text–source integrity. The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to check that the material is sourced; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed. The distance between material and its source is a matter of editorial judgment, but adding text without clearly placing its source may lead to allegations of original research, of violations of the sourcing policy, and even of plagiarism.
Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that text–source relationships are maintained. References need not be moved solely to maintain the chronological order of footnotes as they appear in the article, and should not be moved if doing so might break the text–source relationship.
If a sentence or paragraph is footnoted with a source, adding new material that is not supported by the existing source to the sentence/paragraph, without a source for the new text, is highly misleading if placed to appear that the cited source supports it. When new text is inserted into a paragraph, make sure it is supported by the existing or a new source. For example, when editing text originally reading
The sun is pretty big.[1]
Notes
- ^ Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
an edit that does not imply that the new material is sourced by the same reference is
The sun is pretty big.[1] The sun is also quite hot.[2]
Notes
Do not add other facts or assertions into a fully cited paragraph or sentence:
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.[1] The sun is also quite hot.[2]
Notes
Include a source to support the new information. There are several ways to write this, including:
The sun is pretty big,[1] but the moon is not so big.[2] The sun is also quite hot.[3]
Notes
Bundling citations
Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote. For example, when there are multiple sources for a given sentence, and each source applies to the entire sentence, the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence, like this.[4][5][6][7] Or they can be bundled into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph, like this.[4]
Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text, or if the sources all support the same text. Bundling has several advantages:
- It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining text–source integrity;
- It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph;
- It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.[1][2][3][4]
- It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.
When formatting multiple citations in a footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below. Within a given article, only a single layout should be used.
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.[1]
Notes
Bullets
- ^ For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
Line breaks
- For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78):46.
- For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
- ^ For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
Paragraph
For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78):46.
For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.- ^ For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
However, using line breaks to separate list items breaches PBC:Manual of Style/Accessibility #Bulleted vertical lists: "Do not separate list items with line breaks (<br>). Use {{plainlist}} / {{unbulleted list}} ...".
In-text attribution
In-text attribution is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an inline citation after the sentence. In-text attribution should be used with direct speech (a source's words between quotation marks or as a block quotation); indirect speech (a source's words modified without quotation marks); and close paraphrasing. It can also be used when loosely summarizing a source's position in your own words. It avoids inadvertent plagiarism and helps the reader see where a position is coming from. An inline citation should follow the attribution, usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question.
For example:
When using in-text attribution, make sure it doesn't lead to an inadvertent neutrality violation. For example, the following implies parity between the sources, without making clear that the position of Darwin is the majority view:
Neutrality issues apart, there are other ways in-text attribution can mislead. The sentence below suggests The New York Times has alone made this important discovery:
It is preferable not to clutter articles with information best left to the references. Interested readers can click on the ref to find out the publishing journal:
Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader, but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in-text attribution:
General references
A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not linked to any particular text in the article through an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a "References" section, and are usually sorted by the last name of the author or the editor. General reference sections are most likely to be found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. The disadvantage of general references is that text–source integrity is lost, unless the article is very short. They are frequently reworked by later editors into inline citations.
The appearance of a general references section is the same as those given above in the sections on short citations and parenthetical references. If both cited and uncited references exist, their distinction can be highlighted with separate section names, e.g., "References" and "General references".
Notes
- ↑ Words like citation and reference are used interchangeably on the English PBC. On talk pages where the language can be more informal or in edit summaries or templates where space is a consideration, reference is often abbreviated ref with the plural refs. Footnote may refer specifically to citations using ref tag formatting or to explanatory text; endnotes specifically refers to citations placed at the end of the page. See also: PBC:Glossary.